Caste is
by definition a closed social system whose membership is acquired by virtue of
birth. Rules of endogamy and restrictions on social intercourse between castes
helped to maintain the insularity of such groups.
From
purely Brahmin point of view, it appears as if this system was rigid and
closed. However, when we examine historical data ranging back to the Vedic
period we find that in reality there existed a lot of flexibility. Social
mobility with the gain of economic and political power was always present.
The caste
system, therefore, was a dynamic reality having a great degree of flexibility
in terms of internal structure and functions. Social mobility of caste system
has been an important feature.
Caste and Social Mobility:
By social
mobility we understand the process by which individuals or groups move from one
social status to another in the social hierarchy. Social mobility can be either
upward or downward.
Sociologists
observe that in spite of the closed nature of caste system, there have been
changes in caste hierarchy and its norms from time to time. Caste mobility as a
process of social and cultural change has been explained by Srinivas in his
concept of sankritisation. Sanskritisation is a process whereby low Hindu caste
changes its customs, rites, rituals, ideology and way of life in the direction
of high and frequently twice-born castes. This has paved the way for mobility
to occur within caste system.
Besides
sanskritisation, westernization was also instrumental in the mobility of the
caste system.
Caste and the Ritual Sphere:
The notion
of hierarchical gradation of caste groups drawing legitimacy from religion and
the concept of purity and pollution has changed with the passing of time. The
structural distance between various castes defined in terms of purity and
pollution has been changed.
Caste and the Economic Sphere:
The
ideology of caste prescribed specific occupation for specific caste groups
which had a specific place in the social hierarchy. The vocations of the upper
castes were considered to be the most prestigious while occupations of the
lower castes to be polluting.
The advent
of the British saw new economic opportunities flowing out and reaching the
masses. Caste monopolies enforced by family inheritance came under attack.
Ownership of land provided principles governing wealth and a yardstick by which
the local prestige system was measured. The low caste thus was able to surmount
the obstacles posed by tradition. They began to participate in the economic
process. Market economy, daily wages, and hired labour eroded steadily the
functioning of the traditional jajmani system. Bailey in his study of Bisipura
village has shown how certain low caste groups flourishing in the wake of new
business opportunities invested their profits in land. The breakdown of the
traditional economic system and the Sincreased economic status of lower caste
groups undermined the Brahmin dominance especially in Tanjore, Tamil Nadu.
Caste and Politics:
Before the
introduction of democracy, the upper caste persons were playing a dominant role
in the village panchayat which was quite different from the concept of morder
panchayat. They decided the disputes within the village. In villages
traditional caste panchayats and leaders were powerful means of social control.
The advent of democracy and decentralised politics in the form of the
three-tier Panchayati Raj system, witnessed politics carried down to the
grass-root level. Caste became a prominent variable in electoral politics.
The
decline of the traditional economic systems, caste-free occupations and
mobilisation of caste groups have all resulted in the decline of the
traditional political role of castes. Yet we find that caste retains its
political significance. This is evident, for example, in the case of political mobilisation
of caste groups in Madhopur, U.P. In this village, the ranks of Noniyas, the
salt-makers and Chamars, the leather-makers, joined hands in opposing the
locally dominant upper castes. The situation is same in other states such as
Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra, M.P. etc. It is not politics that gets
caste-ridden, it is the caste that gets politicised as says, Rajni Kothari.
It is
important to mention here that no social change can bring about total changes
in the society. It is found that the traditional social organization
exemplified by the caste system has undergone several changes. Mobility of
caste system has been an important feature. Yet it continues to exist in Indian
society performing some old and some new functions.
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