I ‐ SOURCES OF VITAL STATISTICS IN INDIA
The important sources of vital statistics in India besides the Population Census are (1)
Civil Registration System;(2)
Demographic Sample Surveys such as those
conducted by the
National Sample Surveys Organization(NSSO); (3)Sample Registration System (SRS) and (4) Health
Surveys, such as
National Family Health Surveys, (NFHS) and District Level Household Surveys
(DLHS‐RCH ) conducted for
assessing progress under the Reproductive
and Child Health
programme. This manual discusses the salient features of each of these sources of vital statistics
and their strengths and limitations.
Civil Registration System
1.2
According to the United Nations, civil registration is defined as the continuous permanent
and compulsory recording of the occurrence of vital events, like, live births, deaths, foetal deaths,
marriages, divorces as well as
annulments, judicial separation, adoptions,
legitimations and
recognitions. Civil registration is performed under a law, decree or regulation so as to provide a
legal basis to the records and certificates made from the system, which has got several civil uses
in the personal life of
individual citizens. Moreover, the information
collected through the
registration process provides very useful and important vital statistics also on a continuous basis
at the national level starting from the smallest administrative unit. In fact, obtaining detailed vital
statistics on a regular basis is one of the major functions of the Civil Registration System (CRS) in
several countries of the world. Vital records obtained under CRS have got administrative uses in
designing and implementing public health programmes and carrying out social, demographic and
historical research. For an individual, the birth registration records provide legal proof of identity
and civil status,
age, nationality, dependency status
etc., on which depend a wide
variety of
rights.
1.3
The office of the Registrar General of India was created in 1951 and the vital statistics
department was transferred to this office from the Director of Health Services in 1960. On the
deliberations and recommendations of various committees, the Registration of Births and Deaths
Act (1969) was enacted by
Parliament to enforce uniform civil
registration throughout the
country.
National Sample Survey
1.4
Data on fertility and mortality from the census are not very reliable and they are also
available only once in ten years. In the absence of reliable data from the civil registration system
(CRS), the need for reliable vital statistics at national and state levels is being met through sample
surveys launched from time to time. At the instance of the then Prime Minister Shri Jawaharlal
Nehru, a large scale sample survey agency known as National Sample Survey (NSS) came into
existence in 1950 on the recommendations of the National Income Committee chaired by Late
Professor P. C. Mahalanobis. In the 1950’s and 1960’s, the National Sample Survey attempted to
provide reliable estimates of
birth and death rates through
its regular rounds. However, the
release of 1961 census data indicated that the birth rates and death rates and consequently, the
growth rates were often not estimated correctly. Many analysts, at that point of time, felt that
the one time retrospective recall surveys such as National Sample survey may not be able to
estimate the vital rates correctly. This resulted in a search for alternative mechanism estimate
vital rates. The sample registration system (SRS) was one such attempt.
Sample Registration System (SRS)
1.5
The Government of India, in the late 1960s, initiated the Sample Registration System that
is based on a Dual Recording System. In the Sample Registration System, there is a continuous
enumeration of births and deaths in a sample of villages/urban blocks by a resident part‐time
enumerator and then, an independent six monthly retrospective survey by a full time supervisor.
The data obtained through these two sources are matched. The unmatched and partially matched
events are re‐verified in the field to get the correct number of events. At present, the Sample
Registration System (SRS) provides reliable annual data on fertility and mortality at the state and
national levels for rural and urban areas separately. In this survey, the sample units, villages in
rural areas and urban blocks in urban areas are replaced once in ten years.
Health Surveys
1.6
In the past about a decade or so, a few important sources for demographic data have
emerged. These are the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) and the District Level Household
Surveys (DLHS) conducted for the evaluation of reproductive and child Health programmes. Three
rounds of NFHS surveys have since been completed. These provide estimates inter‐alia of fertility,
child mortality and a number of health parameters relating to infants and children at state level.
They also provide information
on the availability of health and
family planning services to
pregnant mothers and other women in reproductive ages. The DLHS provide information at the
district level on a number of indicators relating to child health, reproductive health problems and
the quality of services available to them. Three rounds of DLHS surveys have been conducted so
far. In each of the first two rounds, the survey was conducted in two phases spread over two
years, wherein, under each phase of the survey, half of the districts in a state had been covered.
However, in the third round of the DLHS survey (2007‐08), all the districts were covered in one
phase.
1.7
The chapters that follow discuss in detail the data emerging from the above sources, their
strengths, limitations, the organizational details and the data collected.
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